Hormone Therapy Benefits and Risks

“If you decide to use hormone therapy, use it at the lowest
dose that helps. Also use hormones
for the shortest time that you need them”.1

Umbrella
What may the Hormone Therapy Benefits and Risks Umbrella include?

Depending on the Source (DotS) this Umbrella may include:

  • HRT/HT/MHT Benefits and Risks
  • HRT/HT/MHT Health Benefits and Risks
  • HRT/HT/MHT Pros and Cons
  • HRT/HT/MHT Risks and Benefits
  • Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)
  • Hormone Therapy (HT)
  • Menopausal Hormone Therapy (MHT)

Date

What can it be important to be clear about with hormone therapy (HT) benefits and risks information?

It can be important to be clear about the date of all information including the date of HT benefits and risks information, because this information may have been updated.

Symptoms or Chronic Conditions

What can it also be important to be clear about with HT benefits and risks information?

It can also be important to be clear about whether HT benefits and risks information is about the use of HT for the management of menopausal symptoms such as hot flushes, night sweats and vaginal dryness or for the prevention of chronic conditions such as cardiovascular disease, cancer and osteoporosis.

Hormone Therapy

What is hormone therapy (HT) or menopausal hormone therapy (MHT)?

Depending on the Source the definition of HT may vary. In Menopause Management Options: Menopausal Hormone Therapy (MHT) – What Is MHT? the (Australian) Jean Hailes for Women’s Health (JH) definition is:

“Menopausal hormone therapy (MHT), formerly known as hormone replacement therapy (HRT), helps manage menopausal symptoms when they interfere with your life. Menopausal symptoms are caused by lowering levels of oestrogen hormones. MHT is the medical replacement of female hormones oestrogen and progesterone, and sometimes testosterone”.2

Benefits and Risks Differences

Can HT benefits and risks differ?

Yes. HT benefits and risks can differ. These differences may include:

Hormone Therapy Benefits and Risks Differences

  1. Benefit Differences
  2. Risk Differences
  3. Individual Differences
  4. Symptom Differences
  5. Age Differences
  6. Postmenopause Differences
  7. Health Conditions Differences
  8. Uterus Differences
  9. EPT and ET Differences
  10. Product Differences
  11. Option Differences
  12. Duration Differences
  13. Breast Cancer Risk

1. Benefit Differences

Can HT benefits differ?

In Risks and Benefits of MHT: Key Points the Australasian Menopause Society note:

“For the majority of symptomatic women, the benefits of menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) outweigh the risks”.3

On page three in the Joint Position Statement By the British Menopause Society, Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists and Society for Endocrinology on Best Practice Recommendations for the Care of Women Experiencing the Menopause, first published online 10 June 2022, one of the recommendations is:

“For most women, initiating HRT has a favourable benefit/risk profile. However, HRT should not be used without a clear indication and should not be used for the sole purpose of disease prevention”.4

In Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT): Benefits and Risks of Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) the (United Kingdom) NHS elaborate on:

“The benefits and risks of taking HRT depend on your age, your menopause symptoms and any risk factors you have.

If you’re under 60 years old, have menopause symptoms, and are not at high risk of breast cancer or blood clots, the benefits of HRT are likely to outweigh the risks.

Talk to a GP, who will help you decide”.5

2. Risk Differences

Can HT risks differ?

In Menopause: Menopause – Hormone Therapy: What Are the Risks of Using Hormone Therapy? the (United States) U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) note:

“For some women, hormone therapy may increase their chances of getting blood clots, heart attacks, strokes, breast cancer, and gall bladder disease. For a woman with a uterus, estrogen increases the chance of getting endometrial cancer (cancer of the uterine lining). Adding progestin lowers this risk”.6

3. Individual Differences

Can HT individual benefits and risks differ?

On page two in the Joint Position Statement By the British Menopause Society, Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists and Society for Endocrinology on Best Practice Recommendations for the Care of Women Experiencing the Menopause, one of the recommendations is:

  • “The decision whether to take HRT, the dose and duration of its use should be made on an individualised basis after discussing the benefits and risks with each patient. This should be considered in the context of the overall benefits obtained from using HRT including symptom control and improving quality of life as well as considering the bone and cardiovascular benefits associated with HRT use”.7

4. Symptom Differences

Can HT benefits and risks differ for different menopause symptoms?

On page 767 in The North American Menopause Society Releases Its 2022 Hormone Therapy Position Statement: Abstract – “endorsed by more than 20 well-respected international organizations” – published July 2022, the North American Menopause Society (NAMS) note:

“For bothersome genitourinary syndrome of menopause symptoms not relieved with over-the-counter therapies in women without indications for use of systemic hormone therapy, low-dose vaginal estrogen therapy or other therapies (eg, vaginal dehydroepiandrosterone or oral ospemifene) are recommended”.8

5. Age Differences

Can HT benefits and risks differ for different ages?

On page one in The North American Menopause Society Releases Its 2022 Hormone Therapy Position Statement, published 7 July 2022, the NAMS explain:

  • “The benefits of hormone therapy outweigh the risks for most healthy symptomatic women who are aged younger than 60 years and within 10 years of menopause onset”.9

6. Postmenopause Differences

Can HT benefits and risks differ according to if you’ve been postmenopausal for 10 years or more?

In Menopause Management Options: Menopausal Hormone Therapy (MHT) – What Are the Risks of MHT?, last updated 19 December 2023, the JH note:


Hormone Therapy Benefits and Risks“It is not recommended you start MHT if you are older than 60 years or if you’ve been postmenopausal for 10 years or more”.10

7. Health Conditions Differences

Can HT benefits and risks differ for different health conditions?

In Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT): When HRT Is Not Suitable, last updated 03 November 2022, the (Scottish) NHS Inform explain:

“HRT may not be suitable, or a specialist opinion may be needed, if you:

  • Have a history of breast cancer, ovarian cancer or womb (uterus) cancer
  • Have a history of blood clots, tablet HRT is not recommended but taking HRT through the skin can be considered
  • Have a history of heart disease or stroke
  • Have untreated high blood pressure – your blood pressure will need to be controlled before you can start HRT
  • Have liver disease
  • Are pregnant or breastfeeding”.11

In Menopause: Hormone Therapy – Who Should Not Take Hormone Therapy for Menopause?, published 14 December 2023, the FDA note:

“Women who:

  • Think they are pregnant
  • Have problems with vaginal bleeding
  • Have certain kinds of cancers
  • Have had a stroke or heart attack
  • Have had blood clots
  • Have liver disease”.12

8. Uterus Differences

Can HT benefits and risks differ for those who have a uterus?

Hormone Therapy Benefits and RisksOn page one in Deciding About Hormone Use, published July 2022, the NAMS note:

“Because estrogen stimulates the lining of the uterus, women with a uterus need to take an additional hormone, progestogen, to protect the uterus”.13

Hormone Therapy Benefits and RisksIf you do not have a uterus, on page one in Deciding About Hormone Use, the NAMS also note:

“Women without a uterus just take estrogen”.14

9. ET and EPT Differences

Can HT benefits and risks differ for those who use ET and those who use EPT?

The NAMS explain:

“…you and your healthcare provider need to balance the benefits and risks you have. For example, if you don’t have a uterus and can take estrogen therapy (ET) alone, your risks are different from those of women who still have a uterus and must use estrogen plus progestogen (EPT) to protect against uterine cancer”.15

10. Product Differences

Can HT benefits and risks differ for different HT products?

On page two in Deciding About Hormone Use: Pill or Non-Pill the NAMS explain:

“Hormone therapy is available as a daily pill, but it also may be taken as a skin patch, gel, cream, spray, or vaginal ring. Non-pill forms may be more convenient. Hormone therapy pills need to be taken every day, but skin patches are changed only once or twice weekly, and the HT vaginal ring is changed only every 3 months. Hormone therapy taken in non-pill form enters your blood stream more directly, with less effect on the liver. Studies suggest that this may lower the risk of blood clots in the legs and lungs compared with HT taken as a pill”.16

11. Option Differences

Can HT benefits and risks differ for different HT options?

On page 767 in The North American Menopause Society Releases Its 2022 Hormone Therapy Position Statement: Abstract the NAMS note:

“The risks of hormone therapy differ depending on type, dose, duration of use, route of administration, timing of initiation, and whether a progestogen is used”.17

In Menopause Management Options: Menopausal Hormone Therapy (MHT) – What Are the Risks of MHT?, last updated 06 June 2023, the JH note:

“Research shows there are some risks associated with MHT. The risks of hormone therapy differ depending on:

  • The type of medication
  • The dose given
  • How long the medication is used for
  • How the medication is given (e.g. patch or tablet)
  • When medication is started
  • Whether a progestogen is used
  • The type of progestogen used”.18

12. Duration Differences

Can HT benefits and risks differ for those who choose to use HT for different duration or lengths of time?

In Menopause: Menopause – Hormone Therapy: How Long Should I Use Hormone Therapy for Menopause Symptoms? the FDA note:

“Treatment of menopausal symptoms should be decided with your health care provider, as there are many different FDA-approved hormones for treatment of the symptoms of menopause”.19

13. Breast Cancer Risk

Can HT increase breast cancer risk?

On page one in Deciding About Hormone Use: Potential Risks the NAMS explain:

“Hormone therapy (combined estrogen and progestogen) might slightly increase your risk of breast cancer if used for more than 4 to 5 years. Using estrogen alone (for women without a uterus) does not increase breast cancer risk at 7 years but may increase risk if used for a longer time”.20

On page two in the Joint Position Statement By the British Menopause Society, Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists and Society for Endocrinology on Best Practice Recommendations for the Care of Women Experiencing the Menopause one of the recommendations is:

  • “Current evidence suggests that oestrogen alone HRT is associated with a lower risk of breast cancer than combined HRT. Breast cancer risk is duration dependent and may vary with the type of progestogen used. The risk of breast cancer should be considered in the context of the overall benefits and risks associated with HRT intake”.21

Health Care Provider

What if I choose to use HT, how can I find out what my benefits and risks are?

If you choose to use HT, it may be in your best interest to also choose to talk to your health care provider about this.

On page one in Deciding About Hormone Use the NAMS explain:


Hormone Therapy Benefits and Risks“Every woman is different, and you will decide about whether to use HT based on the severity of your symptoms, your personal and family health history, and your own beliefs about menopause treatments. Your healthcare professional will be able to help you with your decision”.22

In Menopause: Hormone Therapy – What Is Hormone Therapy for Menopause?, published 14 December 2023, the FDA note:

“Menopause hormone therapy is not for everyone. Like all medicines, hormone therapy has benefits and risks. Talk with your health care provider about hormone therapy. If you decide to use hormone therapy, use it at the lowest dose that helps. Also use hormones for the shortest time that you need them”.23

Health Topics A-Z

Where may I find Health Topics A-Z related to Hormone Therapy Benefits and Risks?

In Health Topics A-Z you may find:

Health Topics A-Z

Links

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New or Updated

  1. 20 Years of Data Lead To Changes In Perceptions, Usage of Menopausal HT
  2. 8 Myths and Truths About Menopausal Hot Flashes
  3. Askearlymenopause.org [Ask EM] [+ Video: What Is Early Menopause?]
  4. BMS & WHC’s 2020 Recommendations on Hormone Replacement Therapy In Menopausal Women
  5. BMS Statement on Testosterone
  6. BMS TV: Bioidentical Hormones
  7. BMS TV: Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)
  8. BMS TV: HRT and Breast Cancer: Overall Risks and Benefits
  9. BMS TV: HRT and the Risk of Breast Cancer
  10. BMS TV: Testosterone Explained
  11. Bioidentical Hormones: Are They Safer?
  12. Compounded Bioidentical Hormone Therapy [Video]
  13. Deciding About Hormone Therapy
  14. Deciding About Hormone Therapy Use
  15. Dr Louise Newson: The Truth About the Menopause & HRT
  16. EMAS Webinars [Mulitply Languages] Ultra-Low Dose Menopausal Hormone Therapy (EN) [Multiply Languages]
  17. Estrogen & Hormones
  18. Estrogen & Hormones: Estrogen and the Cardiovascular System
  19. Estrogen & Hormones: Postmenopausal Hormone Replacement Therapy
  20. FAQs: Hormone Therapy for Menopause
  21. Find A Menopause Practitioner [United States and Other]
  22. Find An AMS Doctor [Australasian Menopause Society i.e. Australia and New Zealand]
  23. Find Your Nearest BMS Menopause Specialist [British Menopause Society]
  24. Guidance on Menopausal Hormone Therapy
  25. HRT
  26. HRT & Menopause Extra
  27. HRT – Types, Doses and Regimens
  28. HRT: Benefits and Risks
  29. HRT: Fact-Checking Risks and Benefits
  30. HRT: The History
  31. Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)
  32. Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) With Dr Nicky Peel & Prof. David Armstrong
  33. Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT): Benefits and Risks of Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)
  34. Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT): Continuous Combined Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) Tablets, Capsules and Patches
  35. Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT): Oestrogen Tablets, Patches, Gel and Spray
  36. Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT): Sequential Combined Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) Tablets and Patches
  37. Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT): Side Effects of Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)
  38. Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT): Tibolone
  39. Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT): Utrogestan (Micronised Progesterone)
  40. Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT): Vaginal Oestrogen
  41. Hormone Therapy In Postmenopausal Persons: Primary Prevention of Chronic Conditions
  42. Hormone Therapy: Is It Right for You?
  43. Hot Flashes: What Can I Do? [+ Video: What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Menopause?]
  44. I Forgot To Ask the Doctor – E9: The Menopause: Can Every Woman That Wants It Have HRT?
  45. Later Years (Around 50 Years and Over): Menopause and Post Menopause Health – Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) [+ Video: Is HRT Bad for You?]
  46. Later Years (Around 50 Years and Over): Menopause and Post Menopause Health – Signs and Symptoms of Menopause [+ Video: Talking Menopause With Your GP]
  47. Managing Your Symptoms
  48. Mayo Clinic Minute: Help With Hot Flashes Due To Menopause [+ Video Courtesy: Mayo Clinic News Network]
  49. Mayo Clinic Q and A: Perimenopause Transitions and Concerns
  50. Menopausal Hormone Therapy
  51. Menopausal Hormone Therapy and Breast Cancer Risk
  52. Menopausal Hormone Therapy and Venous Thromboembolism
  53. Menopausal Hormone Therapy and Women’s Health: An Umbrella Review
  54. Menopausal Hormone Therapy, Heart Disease and Stroke
  55. Menopause
  56. Menopause & Hormones: Questions To Ask Your Doctor
  57. Menopause Hormone Therapy: Does It Cause Vaginal Bleeding?
  58. Menopause Management Options: Menopausal Hormone Therapy (MHT) – What Are the Benefits of MHT?
  59. Menopause Management Options: Menopausal Hormone Therapy (MHT) – What Are the Risks of MHT?
  60. Menopause Map: Downloadable Resources – My Personal Path Print Tools: Questions for Your Health Care Provider
    Hormone Therapy Benefits and Risks
  61. Menopause Patient Information [Videos] 3. The Risks & Benefits of HRT
  62. Menopause Patient Information [Videos] 4. The Different Types of HRT
  63. Menopause Preparedness Toolkit Video Series: Treating Vasomotor Symptoms of Menopause
  64. Menopause Symptoms: Mayo Clinic Expert Outlines Hormone and Nonhormonal Therapies
  65. Menopause Treatments: What Works, What Doesn’t
  66. Menopause and HRT
  67. Menopause, Perimenopause, Hormone Therapy and Other Treatments With Madelyn Butler, MD [Podcast]
  68. Menopause: Diagnosis & Treatment
  69. Menopause: Diagnosis and Management – Information for the Public: Benefits and Risks of HRT [NICE Guideline]
  70. Menopause: Diagnosis and Management – Information for the Public: Questions To Ask About Menopause [NICE Guideline]
  71. Menopause: Understanding the Changes and Finding Relief | Dr Susan Davis | The Proof Podcast EP 256
  72. Navigating Menopause: Expert Insights and Solutions | Dr Susan Davis | The Proof Podcast EP 245
  73. Risks and Benefits of MHT
  74. The 2022 Hormone Therapy Position Statement of The North American Menopause Society
  75. The 2023 Practitioner’s Toolkit for Managing Menopause
  76. The North American Menopause Society Releases Its 2022 Hormone Therapy Position Statement
  77. The Truth About Hormone Therapy for Menopause
  78. The Truth About Menopause Supplements | Dr Sarah Berry
  79. Therapy for the Effects of Menopause
  80. Tips To Help Manage Menopause Symptoms
  81. Treating Menopause — MHT and Beyond
  82. Types of Hormone Therapy
  83. UCalgary Research Reveals Importance of Route of Administration of Menopausal Hormone Therapy
  84. Utrogestan (Micronised Progesterone)
  85. Vaginal Dryness
  86. Vaginal Dryness After Menopause: How To Treat It?
  87. Video Series-2022: Hormone Therapy: Understanding the Risks and Benefits
  88. Video Series-2022: Perimenopause, Signs, Symptoms, and Solutions
  89. Video Series-2023: Lifestyle Modification and Prevention of Breast Cancer
  90. Video Series-2023: NAMS 2023 Nonhormone Therapies Position Statement for Bothersome Menopause Symptoms
  91. Video Series-2023: New FDA-Approved Nonhormone Option for the Treatment of Hot Flashes
  92. Video Series-2023: Premature and Early Menopause
  93. Video Series-2024: Preparing for Your Menopause Health Care Visit
  94. Video: Leslie Cho, MD, Discusses CV Risks, Benefits of Menopausal Hormone Therapy
  95. Videos and Podcasts: Videos – Interviews: Heart Disease, Risk Factors of Developing Heart Disease, and Can I Take Hormones?
  96. Videos and Podcasts: Videos – Interviews: Prevention of Chronic Diseases In Women: Where Does MHT Fit In?
  97. Videos and Podcasts: Videos – Interviews: The Women’s Health Initiative – What Can We Believe?
  98. Webinars: Previous – Approach To Bone Health In the Perimenopause and Postmenopause?
  99. Webinars: Previous – Non-Hormonal Pharmacological Interventions For VMS

Sources

Where may I find the Sources quoted?

You may find the Sources quoted at:

Sources

  1. Menopause: Hormone Therapy – What Is Hormone Therapy for Menopause? Content Current As of: 14 December 2023. Food and Drug Administration https://www.fda.gov/consumers/womens-health-topics/menopause Accessed: 14 February 2024
  2. Menopause Management Options: Menopausal Hormone Therapy (MHT) – What Is MHT? Last Updated: 19 December 2023 | Last Reviewed: 19 August 2022. Jean Hailes for Women’s Health https://www.jeanhailes.org.au/health-a-z/menopause/menopause-management Accessed: 14 February 2024
  3. Risks and Benefits of MHT: Key Points. Content Updated January 2021. Australasian Menopause Society https://www.menopause.org.au/hp/information-sheets/risks-and-benefits-of-mht-hrt Accessed: 14 February 2024
  4. Hamoda, H., Mukherjee, A., Morris, E., Baldeweg, S. E., Jayasena, C. N., Briggs, P., Moger, S. Joint Position Statement By the British Menopause Society, Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists and Society for Endocrinology on Best Practice Recommendations for the Care of Women Experiencing the Menopause. First Published Online 10 June 2022:3. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/20533691221104879 Accessed: 14 February 2024
  5. Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT): Benefits and Risks of Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT). Page Last Reviewed: 08 February 2023. NHS https://www.nhs.uk/medicines/hormone-replacement-therapy-hrt/benefits-and-risks-of-hormone-replacement-therapy-hrt/ Accessed: 14 February 2024
  6. Menopause: Hormone Therapy – What Are the Risks of Using Hormone Therapy? Content Current As of: 14 December 2023. Food and Drug Administration https://www.fda.gov/consumers/womens-health-topics/menopause Accessed: 14 February 2024
  7. Hamoda, H., Mukherjee, A., Morris, E., Baldeweg, S. E., Jayasena, C. N., Briggs, P., Moger, S. Joint Position Statement By the British Menopause Society, Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists and Society for Endocrinology on Best Practice Recommendations for the Care of Women Experiencing the Menopause. First Published Online 10 June 2022:2. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/20533691221104879 Accessed: 14 February 2024
  8. The 2022 Hormone Therapy Position Statement of The North American Menopause Society: Abstract. July 2022:767. North American Menopause Society https://www.menopause.org/docs/default-source/professional/nams-2022-hormone-therapy-position-statement.pdf Accessed: 14 February 2024
  9. The North American Menopause Society Releases Its 2022 Hormone Therapy Position Statement. 09 July 2022. North American Menopause Society https://www.menopause.org/docs/default-source/press-release/ht-position-statement-release.pdf Accessed: 14 February 2024
  10. Menopause Management Options: Menopausal Hormone Therapy (MHT) – What Are the Risks of MHT? Last Updated: 19 December 2023 | Last Reviewed: 19 August 2022. Jean Hailes for Women’s Health https://www.jeanhailes.org.au/health-a-z/menopause/menopause-management Accessed: 14 February 2024
  11. Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT): When HRT Is Not Suitable. Last Updated 03 November 2022. NHS Inform https://www.nhsinform.scot/tests-and-treatments/medicines-and-medical-aids/types-of-medicine/hormone-replacement-therapy-hrt/ Accessed: 14 February 2024
  12. Menopause: Hormone Therapy – Who Should Not Take Hormone Therapy for Menopause? Content Current As of: 14 December 2023. Food and Drug Administration https://www.fda.gov/consumers/womens-health-topics/menopause Accessed: 14 February 2024
  13. Deciding About Hormone Therapy Use. 2022:1. North American Menopause Society https://www.menopause.org/docs/default-source/professional/menonote-deciding-about-ht-2022.pdf Accessed: 14 February 2024
  14. Deciding About Hormone Therapy Use. 2022:1. North American Menopause Society https://www.menopause.org/docs/default-source/professional/menonote-deciding-about-ht-2022.pdf Accessed: 14 February 2024
  15. News You Can Use About Hormone Therapy: Benefits. North American Menopause Society https://www.menopause.org/for-women/menopauseflashes/menopause-symptoms-and-treatments/news-you-can-use-about-hormone-therapy Accessed: 14 February 2024
  16. Deciding About Hormone Therapy Use: Pill or Non-Pill. 2022:2. North American Menopause Society https://www.menopause.org/docs/default-source/professional/menonote-deciding-about-ht-2022.pdf Accessed: 14 February 2024
  17. The 2022 Hormone Therapy Position Statement of The North American Menopause Society: Abstract. Menopause, Volume 29, No 27, 2022:767. North American Menopause Society https://www.menopause.org/docs/default-source/professional/nams-2022-hormone-therapy-position-statement.pdf Accessed: 14 February 2024
  18. Menopause Management Options: Menopausal Hormone Therapy (MHT) – What Are the Risks of MHT? Last Updated: 19 December 2023 | Last Reviewed: 19 August 2022. Jean Hailes for Women’s Health https://www.jeanhailes.org.au/health-a-z/menopause/menopause-management Accessed: 14 February 2024
  19. Menopause: Hormone Therapy – How Long Should I Use Hormone Therapy for Menopause Symptoms? Content Current As of: 14 December 2023. Food and Drug Administration https://www.fda.gov/consumers/womens-health-topics/menopause Accessed: 14 February 2024
  20. Deciding About Hormone Therapy Use: Potential Benefits. 2022:2. North American Menopause Society https://www.menopause.org/docs/default-source/professional/menonote-deciding-about-ht-2022.pdf Accessed: 14 February 2024
  21. Hamoda, H., Mukherjee, A., Morris, E., Baldeweg, S. E., Jayasena, C. N., Briggs, P., Moger, S. Joint Position Statement By the British Menopause Society, Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists and Society for Endocrinology on Best Practice Recommendations for the Care of Women Experiencing the Menopause. First Published Online 10 June 2022:2. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/20533691221104879 Accessed: 14 February 2024
  22. Deciding About Hormone Therapy Use. 2022:1. North American Menopause Society https://www.menopause.org/docs/default-source/professional/menonote-deciding-about-ht-2022.pdf Accessed: 14 February 2024
  23. Menopause: Hormone Therapy – What Is Hormone Therapy for Menopause? Content Current As of: 14 December 2023. Food and Drug Administration https://www.fda.gov/consumers/womens-health-topics/menopause Accessed: 14 February 2024
Topic Last Updated: 10 April 2024 – Topic Last Reviewed: 14 February 2024

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